Iran Revolution Essays - Iranian Revolution, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Iran Revolution Iran is a nation situated in the Middle East. The principle source of salary for the nation is oil, the one article that had extraordinarily affected its history. Iran's current government is run as an Islamic Republic. A president, bureau, legal branch, and Majilesor or authoritative branch, makes up the legislative positions. An upheaval that toppled the ruler, which was set in 1930, kept going more than 15 a long time. Crane Brinton's book, An Anatomy of a Revolution, clarifies set of four stages a nation encounters when an unrest happens. Indications, rising fever, emergency, and improvement are the means that happen. The Iranian Revolution followed the four stages in Crane Brinton's hypothesis, indications, rising fever, emergency, and improvement happened. Various indications prompted the disintegrating defeat of Reza Shah Pahlavi, leader of Iran until 1978. One of these indications is rising desires which can be seen during the 1960's and 70's. The rich Shah made room for the land change law, authorized in 1962. The land minority needed to surrender its territory to the administration, and among those deprived of land, were the Shi'ah Muslims. Iran's capacity structure was drastically changed in a program named the White Upheaval. On January 26, 1963, the White Revolution was embraced by the country. By 1971, when land appropriation finished, around 2,500,000 groups of the ranch populace profited by the changes. From 1960-72 the level of proprietor involved farmland in Iran rose from 26 to 78 percent. Per capita salary rose from $176 in 1960 to $2,500 in 1978. From 1970-77 the gross national item was accounted for to increment to a yearly pace of 7.8% (Iran 896). Accordingly flourishing economy, the salary hole quickly extended. Selective homes, indulgent eateries, and night clubs and avenues stacked with costly autos filled in as day by day tokens of a developing pay spread. This made an ideal situation for some contentions to emerge between the classes. Iran's exclusive class comprised of well off land proprietors, intelligencia, military pioneers, government officials, and ambassadors. The Elite kept on supporting the government and the Shah. The laborers were survivor of unfulfilled political desires, reconnaissance by the mystery police, and the serious social and financial issues that come about because of modernization. The working class supported communism over private enterprise, since free enterprise in their view upheld the tip top, and doesn't profit the lower classes. The white collar class was the most alterable component in the gathering, since they appreciated a portion of the benefits of the world class, which they might want to ensure. At the equivalent time, they accepted that they had been cheated by the world class out of a lot of the industrialization riches (Orwin 43). About this time, the working class, which included understudies, technocrats, and innovator experts, got discontent with the economy. The key occasion ought to have additionally settled the imperial fascism, yet the expansion in oil costs and oil pay starting in 1974 caused extraordinary expansion. This was because of the venture system followed by the Shah, which prompted a tremendous 42% development rate in 1974. (Cottam 14). What's more, due to the Shah's help structure which empowered the new rich to profit by swelling, the legislature exertion to manage expansion was capricious. Poor Iranians and Iranians with a fixed pay endured significant misfortunes in genuine pay. Better ways of life were not, at this point obvious. Consequently, most of the Iranian individuals built up a progressive inclination. As the white collar class got discontent in Iran all through the 1970's, the departure of learned people could be found in incredible abundance. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini spoke to a significant part of the discontent of the strict area of Iran. For standing in opposition to the Shah's imperious standard, Khomeini was banished to Turkey in 1963. In 1965, Khomeini moved to Iraq where he turned into the focal representative for ostracize restriction to the Shah. On October 6, 1978, Khomeini was removed from Iraq and moved to Paris, where he was open to a bigger assortment of restriction powers. He was additionally available to the Western Press. Khomeini lectured that he would dislodge the Shah and remove the outsiders. He additionally said he would authorize strict and customary qualities, and divert Iran's riches from huge industrialization plans and toward changes required by the normal individuals. All through the 1970's, Khomeini increased enormous

Film School Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film School - Personal Statement Example Subsequently, I accept individuals can look at their own general public through the motion pictures and as a trying movie producer, I want to some time or another touch lives by making films that analyze this general public Films like Squatting Tiger, Hidden Dragon, and The Departed, gave me motivation. After I moved on from secondary school my folks recommended that I go on vacation to get myself, it was troublesome not being an understudy nor working and providing for the network. In any case, through watching films, I understood that regardless of what sort of film it was, each film gave extraordinary understanding and a message about existence. I ended up exploring why certain producers chose to handle a topic or what the motivation was that propelled their thought. For instance, Martin Scorsese, the Producer and Director of, Groups of New York had an individual enthusiasm for depicting the recorded makings of Gotham City. His interest in his own city incited him to make a bit of work that could be imparted to an enormous crowd. The Director, Ang Lee turned into another motivation. His capacity to cross the social, cultural and semantic obstructions astounded me. Lee's jump from carefully little Chi nese movies to overall honor victors gave me trust that I also could mix the hearts and brains of society. These two chiefs, and numerous others constrained me to be a piece of the business that had such an impact on me. My enthusiasm for film developed when my companion who was a film maj

5 Great Tips to Save Money on Your Wifi Bill

5 Great Tips to Save Money on Your Wifi Bill 5 Great Tips to Save Money on Your Wifi Bill 5 Great Tips to Save Money on Your Wifi BillHome wifi is pretty much necessary these days, but that doesnt mean you have to pay through the nose in order to enjoy it!In just 20 years, wireless in-home internet has gone from a rarity to basically everywhere. Great! Yet another bill you have to pay every month!Of course, you could just not have home wifi, sure. Sure, and you could also drive to work on a whale-oil-powered penny-farthing bicycle. It’s just not gonna happen!Instead, you should focus your efforts on cutting down the cost of your home wifi. Here are some great tips from real industry and personal finance experts to help you save money on your wifi bill.1. Don’t rent a modem; buy one.When signing up for a new wireless internet provider, buy compatible equipment to fit your needs,” said consumer spending expert Ben Huber (@vtgrad2010) of  DollarSprout.com  (@dollarsproutblog). “Companies will often lease modems or routers for a monthly feeâ€"and those fees can be dec eptively steep.”If you’re worried about buying a modem that won’t be compatible with your wireless provider, don’t worry. “Nearly all internet providers will include a list of compatible devices somewhere on their website, or within their terms of use,” said Huber.2. Negotiate.  One of the best ways to save money on anything is to try and negotiate a lower billâ€"and wireless internet is no exception. “Some of the smaller players in the ISP industry may be willing to actively negotiate your monthly payment as they fight for market share among internet consumers,” said Huber.He even recommended a good negotiating tactic: “If you express interest in a lower bill, or leverage your ability switch to a different provider, you may find that certain companies will be quick to walk back the price of your monthly bill.”And if you’re not the world’s greatest negotiator, you could always let someone else negotiate on your behalf! Personal finance blogger Marc Andre of   VitalDollar.com (@vital_dollar) recommended services like Trim and BillCutterz that work to negotiate your bill for you.“If they are able to lower your bill, they will keep a percentage of the saving. If they cant lower your bill, you pay nothing. Its possibly the easiest way to save,” he said. Sure, you’ll save more if you’re able to negotiate your bill down on your own, but smaller savings are better than none at all!3. Monitor your data usage.“If you purchase a pay-as-you-go plan (or an unlimited plan) this may not affect you as much, cautioned Huber, “But if youre one of the millions of Americans who fall into tiered data plans, theres a good chance youre paying for more data than youre actually using.”And, as it turns out, one of the best ways to less for something is to simply use less of it.“Major ISPs (internet service providers) will provide usage statistics, both on your bill and their respective online dashboards, which can help you adjust your plan needs accordingly,” said Huber.For folks who keep their internet usage pretty light, Andre recommended FreedomPop, which offers free mobile phone and high-speed internet service. “The free plan is limited to 500 MB per month, but if you dont use the internet a lot it can be a great option,” he said.4. Compare prices.This is another piece of advice that applies across the board. The more you shop around with any  kind of major purchase, the more likely you are to find the most affordable option. Getting a solid grasp on what service providers cover your area and what kinds of prices theyre charging will not only help you find the best dealâ€"it can also help you negotiate.To aid you in the search, you could use a free online comparison engine like  Wirefly.com (@Wirefly), which helps people shop for the best price on monthly services like internet and cell service, insurance plans, cable, etc. According  to Wirefly President Logan Abbot, the average Wirefly user saves 30 percent on t heir wireless bill by switching their plan to another provider.5. Play the long game.  When deciding on a wireless provider, you have to look beyond the short-term. A given wifi plan could end up saving you money now but costing you an arm and a leg down the road.Short term promotions can be incredibly enticing when it comes to signing up for a new internet service provider, but as the Latin phrase caveat emptor suggests, let the buyer beware,” said Huber.“After promo terms end, consumers often quickly realize the astronomically inflated new cost of conducting business with their internet provider. Rates can skyrocket 100 percent or more in the immediate month following the end of your promo rate, and that is a hard pill to swallow when there are limited options in your area.”So what happens if your rates all of a sudden go up? See tip #2 for more details.What are you going to do with that money you save?Once you’ve successfully secured a lower rate on your wireless bill, yo u should make sure that extra money doesn’t go to waste. Even if you use that money to splurge on an extra special dinner or date night, at least you’d be using it for something instead of just frittering it away.Here’s our suggestion: Use it to build up a $1,000 emergency fund to help cover surprise expenses. That way, you won’t have to rely on predatory bad credit loans and no credit check loans (like payday loans, cash advances, and title loans) when an unexpected medical expense or car bill rears its ugly head.For more great money-saving tips, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:7 Tips for Eating Out on the CheapHow to Save Money on GasThe Broke Person’s Guide to Dating50 Places That Will Give You Free Stuff on Your BirthdayWhat are your best strategies for lowering your wifi bill?  Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsLogan Abbott is an Internet entrepreneur, tech, and personal finance expert. Logan is the President of  Wirefly.com (@Wirefly), the leading smartphone and cell phone comparison site on the web. Wirefly features a comparison shopping engine for mobile phones, cell phone plans, phone service, Internet, insurance, banking, and more, which helps the average Wirefly user save 30% by switching services. In his spare time, Logan enjoys reading, coding, kitesurfing, and gaming.Marc Andre is a personal finance blogger at  VitalDollar.com (@vital_dollar), where he writes about saving money, managing money, and ways to make more money. His goal with Vital Dollar is to help individuals and families get the most out of the money they have and to reach their full financial potential. He lives in Pennsylvania with his wife and their two kids (a son and a daughter).Ben Huber is a  personal finance writer at, and the co-owner of, DollarSprout.com (@dollarsproutblog), a leading resource in helping millennials make and manage financial decisions. A consumer spending and behavioral eco nomics expert, he helps young adults make the most of their hard earned money. When he isnt writing or attending Pittsburgh Penguins hockey games, hes almost certainly at the gym lifting weights and trying to impress strangers. You can follow him on Twitter @vtgrad2010 for more money-saving tips.

Shopenhauer Essay - 568 Words

Shopenhauer Schopenhauer sought to understand and describe the world and the things of the world. Building off of the ideas of Plato, Descartes, and Kant, however doing away with the aspect of dualism in their theories, he developed the concept of Will and Representation. The world as Will according to Schopenhauer is all that exists for knowledge, only object in relation to subject, perception of a perceiver, in a word, idea. Everything in the world is a representation and everything one sees is a representation in one’s mind. That which forces the Representation into being is the Will. In Schopenhauer’s doctrine of the thing-in-itself, or the Will, he proposes that experience is made up of subject and object. There is no†¦show more content†¦In our cognitive experience we never touch the real; things-in-themselves are not to be known on any terms by any intelligence. But in inner experience, in the consciousness of internal states we do come across something that is more than phenomenal; this is the will. The will has both an inner and an outer side, inner for immediate consciousness and outer for intelligence. The inner is the act of willing and the outer is bodily motion. These two are not different; they only appear in different ways. Will is the real thing, or thing-in-itself, its manifestations phenomena. Thus at the root of existence in all its varied forms there is Will supporting them, manifesting itself in them. Will is not phenomenal, not given in Representation, not in time or space, not individualized, and not subject to the law of casualty. The Will in itself lies beyond the sphere of space, time and casualty, because these are subjective forms which spring into being only when a brain has been evolved. It can have no individuality, no distinction or difference, no end towards which it works. Similar to Kant’s noumena, will is a blind, incessant impulse, a thing in itself, that which exits independently of our ow n perceptions. It is an inner, consciousness of our own existence, our feelings and desires; Will is reality. In my reading of the article â€Å"Schopenhauer’s Philosophy† by Robert Adamson andShow MoreRelated Magical and Sublime Characteristics of A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings1142 Words   |  5 PagesWendy B. Magical Realism : Post Expressionism. Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham; N.C.: Duke UP, 1995: 163-190. Longinus. On the Sublime. Cambridge. Harvard UP, 1995. Shopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Idea! Philosophies of Art and Beauty. Eds. Albert Hofstadter and Richard Kuhns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976. 448-468.   Read MoreAnalysis of All Quiet on the Western Front: The Real Horrors of the War1120 Words   |  5 Pagesideals they packed for war were but the illusions of those they left behind. Paul, as his brothers of arms, feel that nothing remotely transcedental can occupy their minds anymore as they learn that a bright button is weightier than four volumes of Shopenhauer. Food is insufficient and often not nutritious and Paul reckons the guilty relievement he and his friends felt when a miscalculation granted them a double ration of food, a miscalculation that meant dozens of their comrades had been killed. SomethingRead MoreThe Characteristics Of William Tolkien s The Great Gatsby 1494 Words   |  6 Pagesthere still, shift rapidly, and are often are at least greatly revealed in the soliloquies, even though they re not quite made simple for you. Of course Tolkien denied the Wagner connection; Freud also claimed he had never read Neitzche or Shopenhauer and Eliot claimed he had never read Whitman. A lot of time authors grow indignant when they feel near being pinned. I love Tolkein a lot better than Wagner, but it grates against his artistry that they had the same project within less than a century

Importance Of Dolphins Protection - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 626 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Tags: Pollution Essay Did you like this example? Eo, Yeo, and Kwon (2013) explain gastrointestinal foreign bodies are a serious problem in cetaceans and dolphins (p. 251). For example, Eo et al. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Importance Of Dolphins Protection" essay for you Create order (2013) helped a male bottlenose dolphin to remove foreign objects from its forestomach, and they found that The foreign bodies included a 10— 3.5 cm plastic tube, 4—2.0 cm stainless steel pipe, brush, and concrete debris (p. 251). Consequently, the species of dolphin are significant by man-made marine litters. Hence, marine debris as one of the chemical pollutions poses a real threat to dolphins lives because serious issues such as suffocation, intestinal blockage, and internal injury are caused by ingestion of plastic litters and entanglement by packaging. On the other hand, some individuals challenge that environmental pollutions actually do not have a significantly negative effect on dolphins because of two main reasons. First, lots of scientific studies about how environmental pollutions affect dolphins population are not optimal. For instance, some factors that would impact the results are not being quantified in the study of oil spills (Pitchford et al., 2018, p. 16). Additionally, the statistics are not sufficient because such data are rather difficult to collect. Durante et al. (2016) write that there is solely a low number of samples available (P. 358 ). Follett, Genschel, and Hofmann (2014) say that reliable conclusions cannot be drawn based on inadequate data and limited knowledge although oil discharge leads to huge destruction (p. 130). Scientists have to examine the death of many animals to confirm the cases that animals died due to environmental pollutions (Follett et al., 2014, p. 130). In other words, humans do not know indeed have no adequate information about how animals died is linked to environmental pollution since checking the actual cause of a large number of animals death is quite challenging. Hence, the limitation of some scientific researches and the lack of data are the two reason why some individuals reject that dolphins are significantly harmed by environmental pollutions. Nevertheless, there is compelling evidence showing that environmental pollutions have an adverse impact on food chain and ecosystems. Follett et al. (2014) write that oil spills can grow bacteria and kill smaller animals like shrimps that are the sources of food to dolphins although oil spills may not directly kill dolphin populations (p. 122). It means that oil and chemical spills obviously result in habitat destruction to dolphins and increase the risk that dolphins have diseases. More importantly, Holt et al. (2015) study a pair of bottlenose dolphins at the lab and conclude that the louder dolphins phonate, the more oxygen and energy they need. Then Holt and her colleagues apply the uniform method to calculate how many extra calories wild dolphins have to get to compensating the extra consumption of energy, and they estimate dolphins need to obtain two extra calories for every two minutes (p. 1650). Though this extra metabolic cost is not huge, the consumption of energy will be come quite large through accumulation over time. Meanwhile, not all dolphins enable find sufficient foods, especially for juveniles and pregnant females. Thus, environmental pollutions indeed have an obviously dramatic effect on dolphins populations. To conclude, environmental pollutions significantly harm the species of dolphins because of the three reasons. Chemical pollutions enable toxins and poisons enter dolphins bodies and destroy their reproductive and immune systems. Through injuring dolphins auditory system and disrupting the communication, dolphins health is impaired by noise pollution, and dolphins normal behaviors are changed by noise as well. Marine debris threat dolphins life by raising the risk that dolphins ingest litters or be entangled by plastic bags, which leads to severely consequent problems such as obstruction of the digestive system and asphyxia. Each person, every organization, and all countries ought to should the responsibility to tackle environmental pollution and protect dolphins. Humans should take actions immediately before environmental pollutions result in more seriously irreversible damage to dolphins.

Surviving the Cold War Free Essays

When America dropped a bomb on Japan in 1945 it marked the end of World War 2 and the beginning of the Cold War. The government urged citizens to be prepared for the worst; an atomic bomb. It was a time of extreme fear. We will write a custom essay sample on Surviving the Cold War or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was a time to take measures in your own hands to protect your family. As head of my household during the cold war it would be hard not to fall pray to the constant propaganda of the day. Since any above ground post atomic attack survival strategies would be futile; efforts would be made for an underground or bunker survival. I would build a shelter at least four levels deep underground. The engineering behind this structure would have to be well thought out. Things like radiation resistant paint would be carefully considered. Every minor detail would be planned out before taking on construction. The creation of a survival plan would be part of the essential strategy. This would be rehearsed on a regular basis so in the event, things would operate smoothly. Each member of the family would be charged with specific duties, to avoid any confusion and chaos. It would be practiced routinely so that it becomes second nature. In order to survive extended periods of time in a confined space your basic requirements must be met. The storage of water and food would be priority. I would try to build a tank that could hold at least a thousand gallons of water; as for food as many dried and can goods as possible. There would be no such thing as too much. My goal would be to have enough resources to last a year. I would make sure we had adequate power supply with back up generators and batteries for a year. Having an extensive first aid kit would be fundamental, in case of minor injuries and exposure to hazardous materials. Another key strategy would be secrecy. Information about the family bunker and supplies would not be shared with neighbors or any other non family members. I feel this is imperative for our survival. If the news of our location was shared with people our survival would be compromised because of having to share our resources and limited space. Finally the need for information would be a central motivator for reading the paper and watching the news reports about nemy operations and threats against the homeland. Keeping abreast of the news would let me know if it is safe to go outside or not. If we are expecting anymore bomb treats and generally what’s going on in the world around us. In any society that lives under fear, it is extremely important to be informed. Being prepared as best as possible would be your only chance for survival. Throughout history mankind have engaged in wars and I firmly believe that like them, we too; are resilient and can survive with the right preparations. How to cite Surviving the Cold War, Essay examples

Terrorism and Political Violence-Free-Samples -Myassignmenthelp

Question: How has Political Violence Changed through History? Answer: Introduction Politics has been related to violence since time immemorial. Many kingdoms have been established on the basis of political propaganda which contained basic ingredient of violence. Political violence mainly revolves around waging Wars for political gains and to stay in power. It is the most immaculate and tested instrument to establish political superiority. In the following essay discussion on the changing characteristics of political violence show history will be done (Della Porta, 2014). The changing trend of political violence can be seen through the lens of modernization democratization globalization and last but not the least on the basis of religion. These innuendos have seen it through the entire evolution of political violence through time. History has witnessed many wars which were started due to political reasons but ended up in unimaginable state of violence and chaos. So many prominent examples of political violence can be illustrated by the event of Holocaust before Second World War Holy crusades which was based purely on religious causes and their political propaganda. But in the modern world the political propaganda of violence has shifted to economic gains from political and administrative superiority which was the main reason of violence in the mediaeval era (Lakitsch, 2015).The following essay comprises of the change in the nature of political violence and its evolution through the political ambitions of modern day rulers. The essay discussion also contains the modern definition of political violence and the difference between previous agendas and the new reasons. The following essay is a comprehensive discussion on political violence. Modernization Starting from the mediaeval era modernization has been a cause of concern for the people in power who had complete control over the resources and the machinery. Modernization or thought and opportunities made people think on modern lines and most importantly about themselves and their overall growth and development (Amodio et al., 2017). This made the capitalists weak as their hold on the people started to loosen because people who were their peasants broke the shackles of bonded labor and started to earn for their own. This caused a political turmoil in that era which forced the capitalists to oppress and suppress the modernization of mentality and thought through the method of violence. During the industrial revolution and a decade after that there were many cases of execution and burning of villages in the entire Europe (Anthony Robison, 2017). This was the direct effect of modernization which caused political violence. Modernization caused enhancement of educational practices am ong the people who were previously ignorant and uneducated about the political system in which they were living. Education gave them the seat at the table which belonged to their Masters (Antonello, 2017). Realization of the level of oppression gave birth to the need of radical change which was done through violent rebellions. It was an after effect of political violence which was the root cause of these modern day revolts. Formation of political parties and groups for the purpose of fighting against the system gave rise to the system of violence from both sides which were unilateral before. There were many sentiments which developed in the advent of these events such as nationalization and secularization (Bauer et al., 2017). Political Violence in Early Twentieth Century As stated above violence has always been the brainchild of politics and in some way it is a requirement to fulfill political ambitions of people and of a nation taken collectively. In the early 20th century the two world wars which took place, because of the huge political ambitions of powerful nations and there rulers. The reason of occurrence of the First World War was territorial Supremacy and administrative authority over land (Cummings et al. 2017). The amount of violence which took place during the time of First World War was something which was not witness before in history. The consequences of War are as always destruction and chaos with loss of lives and money. Some parties became victorious and some countries what destroyed and doomed due to the prolonged violence. The loss of infrastructure and economy for many countries usually made their people rebellious and made another war imminent (Diprose, 2017). The effect of political violence caused during the First World War res ulted in the occurrence of the Second World War which was more brutal and inhuman than the former one. Violence makes innocent people rebellious as they are left with no choice then to avenge their loss. To make any revolt successful political base is required to move people and to convince them for the cause. It is very ironical but people tend to risk their lives for the political ambitions of few misguided leaders. There are many tools with which these political innuendos and induced in the minds of the masses who get easily seduced to the charm and charisma of violence (Gutirrez-Sann et al., 2017). Political Violence and Its Course through History Violence has been the cause of concern for the society since ancient times. There have been changed in trends in the types of violence in which political violence is considered to be the most detrimental factor and the most efficient one to create chaotic situations (Bell, 2017). Wars and events of violence in ancient history and even in the mediaeval history assorted in the pages of history for which the reasons were political dominance, occupation of territory, geographical superiority of land and its resources, ethnic and cultural diversity of people, ambition of the rulers and vague personal reasons. But as the modernization took place the trend of political violence shifted from territorial supremacy towards economic and political ambitions which were believe to be more realistic and far-fetched then just having the command over resources (Lynch Argomaniz, 2017).Due to the political violence under development of many countries in many parts of the world have happened. But when the contemporary world is taken into consideration it has been observed that the incidences of political violence have been decreased since the Second World War. After the cold war these incidents of political violence which happened from time to time also fell sharply. The entire world is looking towards peace and conflict resolving methods for which many International organizations have been set up who are the guardians and protectors of peace and to avoid and mitigate political violence across the world (McCleery Edwards, 2017).When compared to the number of incidences political violence in ancient and mediaeval history it is observed that in the contemporary world the reasons and the number of incidences have changed quite a lot. But one thing stays common which is the reason of economic superiority. In the older times political violence was an instrument of rich and capable countries who maintained their own Armies to show their dominance of power and their political ambitions (Rak, 2017). Violence was done to suppress rebellions and Conquer territories. But on the contrary in the contemporary world political violence has become a tool of the weakened Nations full ac in resources man artillery. The main reasons of violence in these countries are the resources of survival such as food water oil and environmental factors. It has been observed that not only the kind of conflicts but also the number of incidences have declined after the Second World War (Reimann, 2017). Political violence incidents which were termed as extra systemic which was originally the violent struggles of decolonization became a thing of the 1970s. Recently it has been observed that the interstate conflicts and its incidents have drastically reduced. On the contrary the number of civil conflicts which became an international political violence incident has grown since the unfortunate event of 9/11. In recent years all the political violence incidents have been internationalized (Diprose, 2017).Previously political violence was executed through proxy Wars conflict traps and other instruments of violence which were centralized and were monitored through capable government institutions. All these reasons were somewhat politically?motivated and had political and economic implications (Sageman, 2017). But after the end of cold war era , terrorism and extremism has taken the space of older instruments of political violence. Terrorism in the name of religious causes had been in vogue since last two decades which had caused unfathomable loss of life and infrastructure all around the globe. Changing Methods and Trends of Political Violence Trends of political violence and the types of conflicts which can be distinguished by forms after ideological base and the nature of mobilization, characteristics of warfare and the length of their external influence have changed with the time(Cummings et al., 2017).Some of these political violence execution methods have been illustrated below which have changed their nature through history. Proxy Wars: During the time of cold war era the eastern and the western countries favored many nations in which some fought due to the conflicts and had Advisors arms and ammunitions and funds. These small and big countries aimed to acquire a particular country to have it on their side. Some of the examples can be seen in the wars of Central America, Afghanistan, Mozambique and Vietnam (Della Porta, 2014). Wars in some of these countries ended with the cold war but in countries like Afghanistan political violence continued and gained a shape of its own. Proxy conflicts of new variety came into existence as a war against the terrorist organizations. It can be exemplified by the US counter insurgency operations which took place in the Muslim countries like Philippines (Lakitsch, 2015). These proxy conflicts were originally started to suppress the secessionist Muslim terrorist organizations and proxy Nations like Taliban in Pakistan. Military Interventions: Military intervention was the most basic and prominent tool for political violence execution in previous days. But after the cold war era this method of political intervention has only been used frequently by the western countries like US. Military intervention in Afghanistan and in Iraq are some of the examples of political violence execution done by a military superpower to fulfill its own political and economic ambitions (Anthony Robison, 2017).One example of such military intervention can be observed in Cambodia where Vietnam invaded the country for political and strategic reasons. Ideological Wars: Political wars which are based on ideological grounds and had Revolutionary impact over the citizens of a country targeted to disturb the peace of a nation and to overturn the order which is previously established. Some of these ideological wars can be exemplified by the Cambodian conflict, war in Peru, Maoist rebellion in Nepal and same type of conflict in Syria which was to establish Sharia law (Antonello, 2017). Wars for Independence: Wars which were waged for independence of a nation and autonomy is the most naive form of political violence. With the advent of modernization many country in the world which were a military superpower fought for their Independence and establishment of democracy and republicanism. Although the violence was politically motivated it was for the greater good of the country (Amodio et al., 2017).Some examples of the countries where war for independence was fought Ethiopia, Sri Lanka, Russia, Spain, Philippines, South Sudan and Nigeria. Wars for Political Supremacy: Wars based on the reason of retaining a political supremacy and to acquire it has been political violence tool which has affected many specific cultures, religions and ethnicity. Some of these kinds of wars had started from small conflict between coalition groups and ethnic groups which took shape of huge wars in later days (Gutirrez-Sann et al., 2017).Countries which have experienced these kinds of wars are Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi and Northern Ireland. Explanation of Political Violence Political violence has some motivational factors which drives it towards execution. Some of the factors are discussed below. Group Motivation Political violence is different from criminal violence which induced buy a common sentiment of people who are in power and who seek authoritative control over a particular region. People of that specific area are grouped on the basis of ethnicity or religion or a common sentiment of a country. Then in that case the political motives of these groups are stated as group motives political violence (Rak, 2017). Since each group is categorized ant responds to a common banner the political conflict is against a common enemy which makes people politically connected to each other and to Resort to violent means to gain Independence and liberation. Some examples of these group motivations as a reason of political violence were observed in the countries of Bosnia, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Rwanda, Philippines, Burundi and Northern Ireland (Sageman, 2017). Private Motivation People who fight for their personal and private gains and ambitions have been mostly observed to have economic reasons to practice political violence. Terrorism is the best example of this kind of political violence in which people are categorized who have common economic or religious interest (Altier et al., 2013). In this type of political violence young and uneducated man are hired as mercenaries and they are deployed as soldiers seek an opportunity to loot and plunder some specific resource rich areas to gain monetary benefits by selling the loot. This kind of political violence has been observed in countries where there is lack of employment opportunities, natural resources and low possibilities of income (Antonello, 2017). The entire Central African region is affected by this kind of political violence where basic needs of sustainability such as food and water are in a very limited quantity. Failure of Social Contract Another reason of political violence can be stated as the failure of social machinery of a country. People who have grievances to the government offer country and have ill thoughts for its political machinery Resort to violent means to and the reign of that government (Della Porta, 2014). Dictatorship is the most common type of government where this kind of political violence is seen to happen. Conclusion Thus it can be concluded from the above discussion that political violence has been a part and parcel of the international and world affairs which can be observed throughout history. Every era has been affected by the notion of political violence no matter what the reason was for the execution of this instrument of dominance. The reasons of political violence vary through time and place across the world as the situations and scenarios differed. Leaders of particular countries having different status in the world have resorted to different methods of political violence as they seemed convenient and so necessary. In the contemporary world the nature of political violence and its reasons have modified from the previous ones but the main theme remains the same as the establishments of political agendas are still there. From the above discussion it can be concluded that how the modernization has changed the status of political violence and what were the factors which proved to be detrimen tal to the peace and stability of the respective country where political violence was resorted to. With changing time the instruments of political violence also upgraded itself from just being proxy Wars to military interventions, being ideologically motivated which sometimes led to wars of independence. In recent years the motivational factor of political violence has evolved to be motivated by group, motivated by individual ambitions and failure of state machinery. It can be summed up that political violence is an unending phenomenon. References Altier, M., Martin, S., Weinberg, L. (2013). Introduction to the Special Issue on Violence, Elections, and Party Politics.Terrorism And Political Violence,25(1), 1-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2013.733241 Amodio, F., Di Maio, M., Baccini, L. (2017). 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